Technological Innovations Journal [TIJ] con ISSN 2955-8239 (En línea) es una publicación del Instituto Universitario de Innovación Ciencia y Tecnología Inudi Perú, publicada desde enero de 2022 de manera trimestral y de acceso abierto. TIJ utiliza el sistema externo de revisión por pares doble ciego (double peer-review) en los temas investigados y las metodologías utilizadas. RG se adoptada y se adhiere a los estándares de publicación establecidos por la Asociación Americana de Psicología (APA). La revista es eminentemente especializada, lo cual es una ventaja para los autores y sus organizaciones debido a la mayor difusión lograda por los trabajos publicados.
Instituto Universitario de Innovación Ciencia y Tecnología Inudi Perú
Informational transductions, Machine Learning, and the unawareness of the actors involved
The study aims to discuss aspects of the unawareness of the actors involved in the development and use of Machine Learning models, focusing on the informational transductions that occur throughout their stages, that is, the transformations that information undergoes across the different phases of the data and model life cycle, from collection to application. The methodological procedure adopted is based on descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative research, and data were collected from the Hugging Face and GitHub platforms in order to analyze the possible transformations and informational transductions that occur during the training phase of the available models. The results indicate that, although these platforms offer a large volume of models and tools, there is opacity regarding the transformations applied to the original data, which limits users’ understanding of the integrity and reliability of the available models. It is therefore concluded that there is a need for platforms to adopt transparency protocols and standardized descriptive structures to represent the transductions and technical decisions involved.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fábio Moreira, Marcos Siqueira, Rachel Alves, Ricardo Sant’Ana (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial intelligence and opportunities in the context of higher education
The problem addressed in this essay focuses on artificial intelligence (AI) and the profound transformation it is generating in higher education. The objective is to examine the main opportunities offered by AI through new forms of teaching, learning, and management. Methodologically, this essay was developed from a qualitative theoretical perspective, with a critical-reflective approach, supported by a scientific documentary literature review, which made it possible to assess the opportunities that AI provides in the context of higher education. The findings showed that the main opportunities of AI in higher education are the personalization of learning, support for teaching, automation of processes, intelligent tutoring, adaptive assessment, and support for research through the analysis of large volumes of data. It is concluded that, for teachers, AI represents an opportunity for pedagogical innovation, as it facilitates the creation of materials, individualized support, and the development of students’ critical thinking, provided that it is used ethically and as a complement to the human role.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dani Ochoa Cervantez, Nelson Erazo Sánchez, Walter Orellana Canales (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy recovery from municipal solid waste through plasma gasification: parameter optimization and feasibility for the Cusco region, Peru
Este artículo evalúa la viabilidad termoquímica y operativa de la producción de gas de síntesis a partir de residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU) mediante gasificación por plasma, con énfasis en su aplicación en la región Cusco, Perú. La metodología combinó el análisis de constantes de equilibrio de reacciones clave reformado con vapor y desplazamiento de gas de agua, la resolución numérica y gráfica del sistema de ecuaciones de equilibrio del reactor, y la simulación estocástica mediante el método de Monte Carlo en Excel (1052 corridas) para optimizar parámetros operacionales. Los resultados determinaron una relación estequiométrica vapor/residuo (SBR) óptima de 0.949 ± 0.11, con una relación molar de 5.146 mol H₂O/mol RSU, maximizando la producción de H₂ (74.05 %) y CO (22.16 %) en base seca, con una eficiencia de gasificación en frío (CGE) del 71.7 ± 4.8 % y eficiencia de conversión de carbono (CCE) superior al 85 %. Se concluye que el proceso es técnica y energéticamente viable, y se recomienda su implementación en Cusco, donde los RSU presentan un alto contenido orgánico (>60 %) y la emergencia ambiental declarada en el botadero de Jaquira representan una oportunidad estratégica para la gestión sostenible, la economía circular y la generación de energía para aplicaciones industriales locales.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julio Villasante-Lindo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Estimation of contingency reserves and management in cost and schedule in the contracting of public works in a Colombian governor’s region
Public infrastructure projects require rigorous estimates of unforeseen costs and time to ensure their technical, contractual, and financial viability. The objective of this study was to estimate the adjusted real value of contingency and management reserves in cost and schedule for road works contracted during 2023 in a Colombian Governor’s Office, considering uncertainty, risk events, and project-related correlations. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional research was conducted, based on documentary analysis of a representative road construction contract, surveys applied to contractors and experts, review of unit prices and performance, and Monte Carlo simulation using @Risk and SPSS. The analysis identified the contractor’s actual exposure to known and unknown risks, as well as the insufficiency of the percentages currently recognized by the entity. The results show that 71.1% of contractors are unaware of unforeseen events that may affect execution, and 73.9% consider the percentage assigned by the Governor’s Office insufficient. The simulation estimated a total reserve of 3.42% in cost and 3.47% in time, values higher than those applied in practice. It is concluded that the entity underestimates risks in its budgets and schedules, affecting the economic equation of the contract. It is recommended to adopt a technical model based on probabilistic analysis for the estimation of unforeseen events in future infrastructure projects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Armando Vargas-Fuentes (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial education and academic performance in postgraduate students at a Peruvian public university
Difficulties in personal financial management are a recurring problem among postgraduate students at public universities, who often face academic, work, and economic demands simultaneously. This situation may be associated with their perceived academic performance and their persistence in study programs. In this context, the objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between financial education and perceived academic performance in postgraduate students at a Peruvian public university. The study followed a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 536 students enrolled in master’s programs in accounting and administrative sciences. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed financial education through the dimensions of financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial attitudes, as well as perceived academic performance through cognitive performance, academic behavior, and academic self-efficacy. The instrument’s reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha, obtaining adequate values for financial education (α = 0.870) and perceived academic performance (α = 0.892). The results showed that 67.2% of students have a high level of financial education, and 64.2% have a high level of perceived academic performance. Likewise, a positive and significant correlation was identified between both variables (ρ = 0.617; p < .001). It is concluded that financial education is significantly related to students’ perceived academic performance, highlighting the need to strengthen financial literacy programs in public higher education institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Balbina Cutipa-Quilca, Elena Yunga (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contributions of emotional intelligence to students’ education and learning processes: a systematic review
Education faces major challenges, particularly regarding adaptation, academic performance, and the emotional domain. In some institutions, a lack of tools to promote emotional learning is also evident. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize emotional intelligence and its contributions to learning success and to the development of competencies that strengthen interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships. Accordingly, the aim was to describe the contributions of emotional intelligence to education and learning processes among students at different levels. Methodologically, a systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement, considering the Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases; the search period covered 2020 to 2025 in English and Spanish. The sample included 32 articles, selected based on their characteristics and the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that emotional intelligence plays a fundamental role in comprehensive education, as it supports cognitive learning as well as personal and social development. In this regard, institutions need to take an active role in promoting these competencies. In conclusion, the contribution of emotional intelligence to education is highlighted, along with the need to increase the number of studies and interventions in emotional education, engaging all actors involved in the educational system in an integrated manner to consolidate emotionally healthy environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 María Orozco, Ibeth Orozco, Álvaro Lhoeste, Jorge Navarro, Isneila Martínez, Wilder Pérez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emerging technologies and teaching performance in a university professional school, Peru
Emerging technologies are a valuable resource for strengthening educational processes in higher education; however, their integration is not always optimal, which can limit teaching performance. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the use of emerging technologies and teaching performance in a university-level professional school in Peru. A quantitative, correlational approach was used, employing a questionnaire administered to 200 students. The results show that 30% of respondents perceive that teachers use these technologies with a frequency close to "almost always." Similarly, 30% consider teaching performance to be favorable when technological tools are integrated. Regarding performance dimensions, pedagogical skills reached a medium level (70%), methodological strategies 72%, and learning assessment 68%, while time and resource management reached a high level (76%), demonstrating a strength in teaching organization. Statistical analysis revealed positive and significant correlations between the two variables: ρ=0.4237 for pedagogical skills, ρ=0.5122 for methodological strategies, ρ=0.4105 for learning assessment, and ρ=0.3526 for time and resource management. Furthermore, the Chi-square test (p=0.002) and Cramer's V (0.405) confirmed a moderate association. It is concluded that the use of emerging technologies is significantly linked to teacher performance, although areas requiring further development remain, particularly in pedagogical and assessment practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Percy Molina, Jaime Escobar, Martín Aleman (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-empiricism and social theory: an epistemological proposal to move beyond the reductionism of empirical evidence
The problem addressed in this essay focuses on how reductionism has affected the social sciences. As a direct legacy of logical empiricism and positivism, it is argued that our ability to understand the complex aspects of society depends on the assumption that a problem can only be resolved if we experience it directly. The basis of this idea is that something complicated can be understood simply by adding up its parts. This makes it difficult to remain completely impartial when studying society. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of epistemological frameworks from reductionism toward a comprehensive post-empiricist perspective. It is maintained that overcoming reductionism does not lie in eliminating the analysis of parts, but in integrating it dialectically with complexity and critical realism. A post-empiricist framework is proposed that incorporates complexity, extra-systemic assumptions, and an ethical dimension in order to strengthen the analytical capacity and rigor of contemporary social theory. The methodology was based on a comparative review of philosophical and scientific texts. It is concluded that the proposed framework grants social theory greater analytical and interdisciplinary capacity to address problems in a systemic manner.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadin Suaña-Flores, Milagros Gonzalo-Yabar, Yoselin Apaza-Llanos, Yaneth Quispe-Pilco, Haydee Ticona-Arapa (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of water captured from fog for human consumption in the Los Verdes community, Chota – Peru
The study aimed to determine the quality of water collected from fog for human consumption in the Los Verdes community, Chota district and province, Cajamarca. The research was basic, descriptive-comparative level, cross-sectional, and non-experimental in design. The population consisted of water collected using three fog meters designed by Pilar Cereceda and Pablo Osses. Twelve samples were obtained at three monitoring points over a four-month period (November 2023 to February 2024), following DIGESA guidelines. The results were compared with the maximum permissible limits established in D.S. No. 031-2010-SA, recording the following ranges: temperature from 13.10 to 14.20 °C; turbidity from 2.23 to 3.11 NTU; pH from 7.01 to 7.70; Conductivity of 25.3 to 35.8 µS/cm; color of 7.7 to 15.8 UCV; total dissolved solids of 15 to 26 mg/L; chlorides of 0.314 to 0.725 mg/L; sulfates of 0.130 to 0.430 mg/L; phosphates of 0.035 to 0.948 mg/L. In the bacteriological analysis, total coliforms of 4.0 to 350 NMP/100 mL, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli of 2.0 to 27 NMP/100 mL were reported. It is concluded that the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of the water collected from the fog is not suitable for direct human consumption, since the color and coliform parameters exceed the values ​​established in Peruvian regulations, a situation attributed to contamination by bird droppings in the fog meters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismael Suárez, Jhonathan Fernández, Isabel Ventura (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge in AI, performance, and self-efficacy in secondary and higher education teachers
The accelerated advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has generated new challenges in the educational field, particularly regarding teacher preparedness to integrate these technologies into their pedagogical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of AI knowledge levels on the professional performance and self-efficacy of secondary and higher education teachers. A quantitative approach was adopted, employing a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design. The sample consisted of 108 teachers in the Dominican Republic, selected through non-probabilistic sampling. A structured questionnaire was applied, which included sociodemographic variables, AI knowledge levels, and Likert-type scales to measure their impact on performance and teaching self-efficacy. The results indicated that 51% of participants had a basic knowledge of AI, while only 11% reached an advanced level. Nevertheless, 53.7% stated that the use of AI consistently improves their performance, and 47.2% considered that AI training significantly enhanced their self-efficacy. Chi-square tests revealed statistically significant relationships between AI knowledge and performance (p = 0.018), as well as teaching self-efficacy (p = 0.0007). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to implement continuous and differentiated training programs that strengthen teachers’ technological competencies, foster their confidence in educational practice, and contribute to bridging the digital divide. Furthermore, it is suggested to design sustainable educational policies that enhance the positive impact of AI on teaching.
Copyright (c) 2025 Beatriz Lafontaine, Wanda Marina Román-Santana (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social skills and addiction to social networks in students of a private university in Peru
The relationship between social skills and social media addiction is a topic of debate in psychology, as deficiencies in social skills may be a risk factor for mental health. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between social skills and social media addiction among university students at Universidad Peruana Unión, Tarapoto, in 2024. A quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlational scope was employed. The population included 2,109 students, from which a sample of 328 participants was selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection utilized the Social Skills Scale (EHS) and an adaptation of the Social Media Addiction Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 statistical software, employing Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient. The results showed no significant relationship (p < 0.05) between social skills and social media addiction. However, there was an inverse relationship (r = -0.114; -0.129) between anger or disagreement expression and the ability to say no and end interactions. It is concluded that social media addiction is more associated with difficulties in managing negative emotions and setting boundaries, having a negative impact on social skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jheily Rojas, Luis Hinostroza, Iris Arévalo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital tools are becoming increasingly important due to the rise of technologies, and their use in educational contexts is a broad subject of study. The aim of the research was to determine which digital tools were most used in distance education by public and private universities in the Puno region, Peru. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach at a descriptive level, with the population consisting of students from universities in the city of Puno, Peru, with a sample size of 380 students. The research technique was a survey, and the instrument used was a questionnaire. The results show that the most used tools were Google Meet, Google Forms, PowerPoint, and WhatsApp. It can be concluded that the use of these tools is easier for students who have the minimum resources, such as adequate electronic devices. Additionally, the internet allows the use of other freely accessible digital tools, all in an effort to improve the quality of education in our country.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ronny Gutierrez, Felix Gutierrez, Sergio Gutierrez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gold adsorption using a composite formed by porcelain – zoanthus coral in artisanal mining in the area of Arirahua – Condesuyos
Traditional gold extraction methods, such as cyanidation using activated carbon, generate a considerable environmental impact due to the use of toxic substances and the generation of hazardous waste. Faced with this scenario, more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies are being proposed, such as the adsorption process using a porcelain-zoanthus coral composite as an adsorbent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the porcelain-zoanthus coral composite for a cyanide-laced gold sample from an artisanal mine located in Arirahua, Condesuyos. To this end, this exploratory, experimental, quantitative, and correlational study was proposed using a batch adsorption system. In addition, a 2k full factorial design with replicates at the center points and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to determine the adsorption capacity and the effects and interactions of the independent variables on the final gold concentration. The results showed a 78.50% gold adsorption capacity of the composite, indicating that a large amount of dissolved gold was recovered under the specified experimental conditions. The mathematical model was also determined, and the adsorption isotherm behavior was evaluated, fitting the Freundlich isotherm with R² equal to 0.8132, suggesting that gold adsorption occurs through a physical and reversible process. It is concluded that this composite could be considered a viable alternative for gold extraction, contributing sustainably to the Peruvian artisanal mining sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pavel Delgado, Carmen Pancca, Jannyllú Covarrubias (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
School bullying: realities of current education
Objective: To identify the main elements that give rise to school bullying and address the issue of bullying within current education. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted, which included a systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology. An exhaustive analysis of information was conducted using the databases: Scielo, EBSCO, Psycnet, PubMED, PsycInfo, Dialnet, and the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), yielding 12 primary articles. The selected identifiers were: "bullying," "educational environment," "education," "interpersonal skills," "psychopedagogy." The work was carried out during the months of August, September, and October 2024. Results: Among the main elements that give rise to school bullying are the family’s psycho-affective development history, hereditary and predisposing factors for aggression, historical-socio-cultural environment, gender identity, and disabilities, which should be addressed through cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotive-rational therapy, and an ecological-philosophical approach. Conclusion: The presence of these negative elements within the psychological, social, educational, cultural, and global development fields of contemporary society implies a setback in terms of human rights and personal freedom, as it conditions and aggresses an individual's sense of self in various ways.
Copyright (c) 2024 Deysi Analuisa-Analuiza, María Armendáriz-Miranda , Patricio Condo-Cevallos, Luis Benavides-Urrutia, Erika Yanchapanta-Analuisa, Elizabeth Sisa-Aguagallo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Work expectations of aeronautical students in relation to age, semester enrolled, and interest in flight dispatch certification in Bolivia
University dropout is a critical phenomenon that affects students in various disciplines, including aeronautics. This study was conducted to understand the work expectations of students at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, focusing on how age, semester enrolled, and interest in certification influence these expectations. A quantitative approach with an explanatory design was adopted, using a sample of 137 randomly selected students who completed a questionnaire. The results determined that the standardized coefficients for age (B = 0.011; p = 0.545) and semester enrolled (B = -0.014; p = 0.493) showed no statistically significant relationship with work expectations, suggesting that these factors are not determining in the students' perception of their professional future. In contrast, certification shows a significant positive coefficient (B = 0.466; p < 0.001), indicating that certification is an essential factor. Furthermore, there are no significant differences in work expectations between men and women (t = -0.822; p = 0.412). In conclusion, the importance of certification as a complement to professional development is emphasized, while age, semester enrolled, and gender appear to be less relevant.
Copyright (c) 2024 Oscar Mamani (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer protocols as security and competitiveness mechanisms in digital organizations
The growth and competitiveness of organizations largely depend on digitalization, which poses new challenges in cybersecurity. This article aims to identify the importance of SSL and TLS protocols in key sectors of the organizational environment. A qualitative approach was followed, using a systematic review under the PRISMA methodology. A search was conducted in the Google Scholar, Dialnet, and La Referencia databases, using the descriptors "protocol, SSL, security, TSL, cybersecurity" in both English and Spanish. Articles and thesis papers published between 2014 and 2024 were considered, and 14 works were selected for the final review. The review showed that both protocols ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of communications in systems and applications, mainly preventing attacks such as phishing, man-in-the-middle, data dictionary, and interruptions with legitimate websites. In conclusion, protocols are the first step in security measures for web infrastructure in a fluctuating and highly competitive digital environment, with influence in sectors such as finance, e-commerce, services, and even digital government. It is important that every organization establishes measures, areas, departments, and resources for its own web security to ensure reliability, prestige, and to keep business and user/customer data secure.
Copyright (c) 2024 Antonio Flores-Vargas, Marvin Llerena-Pariapaza (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the economic and social environment of a city in Mexico
The rapid population growth in cities of developing countries, such as Mazatlán, Sinaloa, poses significant challenges due to the disconnection between demographic growth and economic productivity. This imbalance raises concerns about the sustainability of the population's well-being and the socio-economic environment. This study analyzes the economic environment of Mazatlán and its impact on the social environment during the period 2018-2023, considering housing as an essential indicator of wealth and quality of life. The objective of this research is to examine how the municipality's economic dynamics affect the quality of life of its inhabitants. To achieve this, a qualitative approach was adopted through a documentary review of secondary sources, focusing on key indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, the Economically Active Population (EAP), and housing, using data provided by official institutions such as INEGI. Among the main findings, it was observed that GDP per capita fluctuated between $154,599 in 2019 and $164,484 in 2021, while the population reached 510,186 inhabitants in 2023. Although in 2020, the proportion of the EAP with occupied housing reached 96.69%, it decreased to 95.9% in 2021, reflecting vulnerabilities in the municipality's socio-economic dynamics. In conclusion, the impact on the social environment was limited, due to the lack of economic diversification and the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This highlights the need to implement public policies that promote the development of strategic sectors, strengthen infrastructure, and reduce social inequalities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Héctor López-López, Gloria Loza-Valdez, Lucio Quirino Rodríguez (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Patent of Invention from a university in Paraguay
In the context of technological innovation, the process of obtaining a patent is essential for ensuring the legal protection of inventions, allowing inventors exclusivity in the commercial use of their creations. This essay delves into the procedures and means necessary to patent a specific invention: a hair removal device with an interchangeable head, designed for the application of wax and the supply of hair removal paper. The steps to adequately document the novelty of the device, the requirements to demonstrate its unique functionality, and strategies to navigate the complexities of the patenting process are examined, thus ensuring legal recognition and protection of intellectual property. The conclusion is that the grant of the patent underscores the originality and innovation of the device, consolidating its position in the market against other similar inventions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Delia Cañete, Esteban Ortellado (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial education and decision-making of students in emblematic schools of a Peruvian city
Financial education is a fundamental component in the formation of high school students, as it is linked to their ability to make financial decisions that could influence their long-term economic well-being. This study aims to analyze the relationship between financial education and financial decision-making among students in emblematic schools in the city of Puno, Peru, during the 2024 period. The research employs a quantitative approach with a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design. A representative sample of 572 fifth-year high school students from three emblematic schools in the city was surveyed. The results indicate a moderate positive relationship between financial education and decision-making, with a Spearman correlation coefficient (rho = 0.451). This suggests that, while financial education is an important factor, it is not the only determinant in financial decision-making. These findings highlight the importance of continuing to promote financial education to improve students' economic well-being; however, they also suggest that other factors may influence decision-making. Future research is encouraged to consider contextual and social variables to gain a deeper understanding of the factors affecting financial decision-making in high school students.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cesar Choque-Copari, Balbina Cutipa-Quilca, Cesar Apaza-Ccopa, Elena Yunga-Zegarra (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workplace well-being assessment of the administrative staff at Universidad Hipócrates (Mexico)
Workplace well-being represents a fundamental pillar for the sustainability of organizations; it is a commitment for the human resources area to understand the situation of its collaborators to ensure continuous improvement and favorable working environments. The aim of this article is to measure the workplace well-being of employees at Universidad Hipócrates (Mexico). The approach was quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional, using a probabilistic sample of 83 workers from different departments of the institution. The Work-Related Quality of Life scale instrument was applied. The results identified positive levels, ranging from high to moderate across the six dimensions that comprise workplace well-being (general well-being – high; home-work interface – moderate; job and professional satisfaction – high; control at work – high; working conditions – high; work-related stress – high), which demonstrates the need to implement policies that improve job satisfaction and thereby strengthen the performance of those involved in the organization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ramsés Rodríguez-Montes, Bernardo Vázquez-Ponce, Irma Baldovinos-Leyva (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptation and validation of a questionnaire to measure teaching digital competencies
Las competencias digitales en los docentes se han vuelto imprescindibles en las instituciones de educación superior, sobre todo después de la situación originada por la pandemia de COVID-19. Las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) deben asegurarse de que los docentes manejen bien sus competencias digitales (CD). En este estudio se tuvo como objetivo la adaptación y validación del Marco de Competencias Digitales para la Ciudadanía DigComp 2.2 para conocer el nivel de las CD en docentes de una IES. En la prueba piloto participaron 34 docentes y se realizó bajo un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo con un diseño de tipo instrumental, no experimental de corte transversal. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software estadístico SPSS y para realizar la validación del contenido del instrumento se trabajó en el juicio de expertos. Para verificar la confiabilidad se utilizó el estadístico alfa de Cronbach obteniéndose un valor de un .987 lo que indica una confiabilidad excelente. Adicionalmente, se sometió al análisis de fiabilidad si se elimina un elemento y en todos los ítems se alcanzaron valores por encima de .900 en el alfa de Cronbach, lo que evita tener que suprimir ítems del instrumento. Los resultados obtenidos permiten contar con un instrumento confiable para su posterior aplicación y análisis.
Copyright (c) 2024 José Rodríguez-Rivas, Erika Muñoz-Solís (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of water sources for human consumption in the El Frutillo community, Bambamarca-Cajamarca
Untreated water sources can pose health risks to people and other living beings; due to the congregation of living mass, infectious microbes, suspended solids, heavy metals, etc.; it is essential to investigate their quality ensuring their harmlessness, avoiding agents, and safeguarding the health and comfort of the community. The objective was to determine the quality of water sources for human consumption by analyzing the correlations between parameters in the community of El Frutillo, Bambamarca-Cajamarca. Seven monitoring sessions were conducted at three sites from November 2022 to May 2023; for the analysis of physical, chemical, and coliform indicators, test methods were used following the instructions of the General Directorate of Environmental Health. Comparing the maximum permissible limits of D.S. No. 031-2010-SA-DIGESA with the results, the following were achieved: temperatures between 15.4°C to 17.2°C; turbidity from 0.11 to 1.40 NTU; 163.5 to 305.0 mg/L of total dissolved solids; color < MCL; pH from 7.29 to 8.08; 0.39 to 7.73 mg/L of chlorides; 0.084 to 0.221 mg/L of fluorides; phosphates < MCL; 1.77 to 8.36 mg/L of nitrates; nitrites < MCL; 1.92 to 28.10 mg/L of sulfates; 1.8 to 920.0 MPN/100mL total coliforms and 1.8 to 11.0 MPN/100mL thermotolerant coliforms. The correlation coefficients for pH, temperature, and turbidity versus coliforms were 0.907, -0.291, and 0.975 respectively. Concluding that the physicochemical quality is good; however, the bacteriological quality is poor, not being suitable for human supply; as evidenced by the correlations, since higher contents of pH, turbidity, and temperature lead to higher concentrations of coliforms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ismael Suárez-Medina, Ana Guerrero-Padilla (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application program to solve systems of nonlinear equations
Introduction: Application programs in mathematics have had a significant impact on solving nonlinear systems of equations and are impacting various areas. In a nonlinear equation, it is not always easy to determine its root or convergence point; one must analyze and restrict the behavior of the functions that comprise it. Objective: To develop a mathematical program to solve nonlinear systems of equations, selecting the most efficient method and presenting results that include the analysis of convergence and stability of the implemented iterative methods. Method: To solve the system of type V(X)=0, methods such as Simple Iteration, Gradient, Newton, Modified Newton, and Quasi-Newton were used. Visual C++ 6.0 programming language along with Matlab 6.5 libraries were used for the development of the application program for mathematical notations. Results: An application program named SMENLI (Mathematical Software for solving Nonlinear Equations) was developed, which implemented various iterative methods to solve 20 systems of nonlinear equations. Of these, 15 converged and 5 diverged. Some did not converge due to the initial point provided to the program, which utilizes a lexical analyzer. Additionally, it is important to remember that not all systems of nonlinear equations have a solution. Conclusions: It was found that the Newton and Modified Newton methods are the most efficient in terms of convergence, standing out for their shorter time and fewer iterations compared to other implemented methods. However, in exceptional cases with certain systems of nonlinear equations, the Quasi-Newton method may prove superior to others.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luis Venturo, Irenio Chagua-Aduviri, Darssy Carpio (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Use of macrorules to enhance text comprehension in university students
This study was conducted to address the problems of reading comprehension faced by students in the first cycle of the Art Program at the National University of the Altiplano, in Puno - Peru. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of macro-rules in improving academic text comprehension among students in the aforementioned program. Regarding the methodology, an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design was used, and the Student's T-test was applied. Data were collected through written tests with open and closed questions. The results show a significant improvement, with Tc = 7.1 and Tt = 1.6 (α = 0.05), and a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a notable difference after the experimental treatment. It was concluded that the application of macro-rules effectively improves academic text comprehension in university students in the Art Program at the National University of the Altiplano. This is because the results showed a statistically significant improvement in reading comprehension after the implementation of the macro-rules.
Copyright (c) 2024 Danitza Humpiri-Lujano, Ronald Poma (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Professors' perspective on competency-based curriculum design and educational quality in a Peruvian university
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between competency-based curriculum design and educational quality from the perspective of teachers at a Peruvian university during the year 2022. The study population consisted of 207 teachers, both permanent and contracted, from which a sample of 66 teachers from various professional schools of the university was selected. The approach was quantitative, basic research with a descriptive design and a non-experimental transactional level. Two questionnaires were used as data collection instruments: one for competency-based curriculum design, consisting of 18 items distributed across three dimensions, and another for educational quality, with 15 items also divided into three dimensions. Both questionnaires demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. By analyzing the data using Pearson's correlation index (R), a direct and significant relationship was found between competency-based curriculum design and educational quality from the perspective of the teachers at the Peruvian university in 2022 (p = .000). There is continuous evaluation and adaptation of university curricula to align with the competencies required in the labor market and the educational expectations of teachers. The correlation found suggests that teachers perceive an improvement in educational quality when competency-based curriculum designs are adopted.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wilmer Coaquira-Coaquira (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A theoretical look at business administration in the digital age: the administrative process and the revolution of artificial intelligence
The essay delves into the perspective of management in a digital environment marked by the dynamics and speed characteristic of globalization. The role of the manager is contextualized in the urgent need to stay updated, adopting new tools, and emphasizing the crucial integration of Artificial Intelligence. Through a documentary review, the essay proposes an approach that highlights the importance of the administrative process, giving particular relevance to forecasting as a crucial element before planning. This approach aims to enhance the efficiency, effectiveness, and holistic vision of the manager, enriching their performance through knowledge. The work seeks to reaffirm, from the standpoint of management, the importance of incorporating technological tools, with a special emphasis on Artificial Intelligence. Encouraging reflection, the essay urges further exploration of the presented themes, essential in daily life and fundamental for generating broader and deeper knowledge in the field of business administration in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gloria Garibo-Ignacio, Amado Najera-Bautista, Hernando Parra-Barrios (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of artificial intelligence for the development of academic papers in Peruvian universities: a current problem
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has unfolded various dimensions since its inception. Its application in academic work has raised concerns in the academic sphere, as improper use by students can pose various risks to their future professional development. The objective was to identify how and how often students from four private universities are utilizing artificial intelligence programs for academic tasks. This was a descriptive, quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional study. The population and sample consisted of students enrolled in research courses at four universities in Peru, totaling 173 students who were surveyed through an online questionnaire. The main findings revealed that 74% of the sample had used some form of AI for academic tasks. A majority of the participants (64,7%) were female, and a significant number were pursuing undergraduate degrees (42,8%) and graduation courses (42,2%). The most notable use of AI was the automation of tasks or academic work (66,4%), and the perceived major benefit of using AI was increased efficiency in content generation (39,8%). A high percentage of university students were found to incorporate AI in their academic work, with primary uses being automation, concept generation, assistance in writing and structuring, and the use of AI as a primary source of information.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ambrocio Esteves (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extraction of copper (II) ions from oxidized ore in the presence of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution in a basic environment
An experiment was conducted to obtain copper (II) ions in a basic environment using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and oxidized copper minerals from Cerro Azoguini in Puno, Peru. Specific objectives included investigating the solubility of Cu2+ ions in a mineral with high silica, limestone, and iron content, as well as studying the influence of pH, EDTA concentration, and extraction time. 1.5 grams of ground mineral at -100 mesh (150 µm), with 80% pass and 6% solids, were leached with a 0.5 M NaHCO3 solution at different pH levels and EDTA concentrations. The results indicated the extraction of 3.5 g/L of Cu2+ ions at pH 10 with 0.12 M EDTA, without agitation, at room temperature (19°C), over a period of 83 hours. It was observed that the NaHCO3 solution extracted copper from the mineral, and EDTA quickly chelated it, forming ionic complexes such as CuHEDTA ∧ (1−), CuHEDTA ∧ (2−) and Cu0HEDTA ∧ (3−). Other metals present in the gangue were not chelated by EDTA, demonstrating its high selectivity based on solubility constants and precipitation formation at different pH levels. Additionally, high copper extraction rates were obtained at a pH of 13.15, possibly due to decreased protons and increased ions from both the reagent and leached mineral. In conclusion, the physicochemical analyses revealed the feasibility of obtaining Cu2+ ions by solubilizing oxidized minerals, followed by rapid chelation with EDTA to form diverse metal complexes depending on the pH of the medium.
Copyright (c) 2024 Darssy Carpio, Félix Sueros, Luis Venturo (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact on public safety due to the carrying of bladed weapons in the locality of Kennedy, Bogotá, Colombia
The issue of carrying bladed weapons in the locality of Kennedy impacts coexistence and public safety, accounting for 77% of thefts and 40% of homicides. This phenomenon is primarily due to the ease of concealing these weapons. Thus, the question arises: How could a more effective registration, utilizing an electronic device, reduce the carrying of bladed weapons? In this context, the general objective proposed is the implementation of a metal detector to prevent crimes involving bladed weapons. The study design is exploratory, based on the Design Thinking methodology, encompassing stages of empathy, definition, ideation, prototyping, and testing. The results indicate that the implementation of a modified flashlight with a metal detector has proven effective in preventing crime in the locality of Kennedy, Colombia, which has experienced exponential growth due to the increasing demand for bladed weapons, their illegal carrying, and the emergence of disruptive behaviors in coexistence. This device has proven effective in detecting bladed weapons thanks to the characteristics of its flashlight format. It utilizes brightness to identify objects, complemented by an audible and vibrational alarm system that caters to the needs of the police service.
Copyright (c) 2024 Danna Hernandez-Vargas, Edgar Ceballos-Leal, Oscar Gonzalez-Mc Lean, Luis Cervantes-Estrada (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socioeconomic level and study habits in students of the primary education program
El estudio desarrollado en la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Perú), centrado en el Programa de Estudios de Educación Primaria, se propuso explorar la compleja interacción entre factores socioeconómicos y hábitos de estudio. Empleando un enfoque correlacional, descriptivo y analítico, la investigación aspiraba a comprender las dinámicas que inciden en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. La selección cuidadosa de una muestra representativa de 200 estudiantes de ambos sexos se llevó a cabo para garantizar diversidad, utilizando herramientas confiables como la Encuesta Graffar de Necesidades de Nivel Socioeconómico y hábitos de estudio. Los resultados revelaron una distribución desigual en los niveles socioeconómicos, con el 50% de los estudiantes en el nivel más bajo. En cuanto a los hábitos de estudio, el 40.5% exhibió tendencias negativas, mientras que el 18% demostró una relación insatisfactoria entre su situación socioeconómica y sus hábitos de estudio. A pesar de estas observaciones, el análisis de correlación de Rho de Spearman reveló un p=0.090, indicando una correlación no significativa entre estos factores. En consecuencia, se concluyó que no existe una relación significativa entre la situación socioeconómica y los hábitos de estudio en el programa bajo investigación. Este hallazgo destaca la naturaleza multifacética de los determinantes del rendimiento académico, subrayando la necesidad de investigaciones continuas para diseñar estrategias educativas más efectivas en este contexto particular.
Copyright (c) 2024 Luzbeth Lipa-Tudela, Yessica Quilca-Soto (Autor/a) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0